Many generous scholars have made corrections to this manuscript and directed me toward relevant sources. Matthew Minerd carefully reviewed the chapters on the moral manuals and Thomism, and his suggestions greatly strengthened these chapters. He also graciously permitted me to use his translation of Benoît-Henri Merkelbach, OP’s text. Nick Ogle read the whole manuscript at an early stage and offered encouragement and corrections. Reinhard Hütter, Joshua Steele, and Bill Mattison read